Global Distribution: Eastern Atlantic from Faeroe Islands and Norway to Senegal. Mediterranean Sea. View Map
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Size: Maximum length 75.0 cm (total length; male); 90.0 cm (TL; female); common length : 50.0 cm (TL); maximum published weight 1.4 kg.
Age:
Weight length rel.: Madeira (Ferreira et al. 2008): a= 0.00145 (0.00073 - 0.00288), b=3.161 (2.998 - 3.324), r2=0.939 (n=98)
Portugal, south coast (Borges et al. 2003): a=0.00166, b=3.145, r2=0.98 (n=311).
Portugal, south coast (Santos et al. 2002): a=0.0022, b=3.056, r2=0.987 (n=174).
Portugal, west coast (Mendes et al. 2004): a=0.0015, b=3.190, r2=0.929 (n=107).
Spain, south-west coast (Torres et al. 2012): a=0.0021, b=3.084, r2=0.99 (n=443).
FishBase: Bayesian estimated length-weight: a=0.00295 (0.00234 - 0.00373), b=3.02 (2.95 - 3.09).
Growth type: Positive allometric (Santos et al. 2002; Mendes et al. 2004; Torres et al. 2012).
von Bertallanfy growth parameters:
Reproduction: Oviparous, with up to 13 eggs present in the oviducts at one time. Individuals from the Ionian Sea apparently reproduce from February to September and eggs are laid between 200 - 600 m.
Maturity:
Behavioural ecology:
Population structure & migrations:
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES
Depth range: FishBase: 55 - 1873 m, usually 150 - 1200 m.
Habitat: Demersal. Found on the outer continental shelves and upper slopes.
Feeding habits: Feeds mainly on bottom invertebrates, including shrimps and cephalopods, but also on small pelagic bony fishes (lanternfishes) and other small elasmobranchs.
Trophic level: FishBase: 4.2
FISHERIES
Commercial interest: Minor commercial species.
Conservation status: Global: Least concern.
Europe: Least concern.
Nutritional information & food safety:
REFERENCES
Borges T.C., Olim S., Erzini K. (2003). Weight–length relationships for fish species discarded in commercial fisheries of the Algarve (southern Portugal). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(6): 394-396.
Ferreira S., Sousa R., Delgado J., Carvalho D., Chada T. (2008). Weight-length relationships for demersal fish species caught off the Madeira archipelago (eastern-central Atlantic). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24: 93-95.
IUCN (2014). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. www.iucnredlist.org
Mendes B., Fonseca P., Campos A. (2004). Weight–length relationships for 46 fish species of the Portuguese west coast. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(5): 355-361.
Nieto A., Ralph G.M., Comeros-Raynal M.T., Kemp J., GarcÃa Criado M., Allen D.J., Dulvy N.K., Walls R.H.L., Russell B., Pollard D., GarcÃa S., Craig M., Collette B.B., Pollom R., Biscoito M., Labbish Chao N., Abella A., Afonso P., Ãlvarez H., Carpenter K.E., Clò S., Cook R., Costa M.J., Delgado J., Dureuil M., Ellis J.R., Farrell E.D., Fernandes P., Florin A-B., Fordham S., Fowle, S., Gil de Sola L., Gil Herrera J., Goodpaster A., Harvey M., Heessen H., Herler J., Jung A., Karmovskaya E., Keskin C., Knudsen S.W., Kobyliansky S., KovaÄić M., Lawson J.M., Lorance P., McCully Phillips S., Munroe T., Nedreaas K., Nielsen J., Papaconstantinou C., Polidoro B., Pollock C.M., Rijnsdorp A.D., Sayer C., Scott J., Serena F., Smith-Vaniz W.F., Soldo A., Stump E., Williams J.T. (2015). Europen Red List of Marine Fishes. IUCN and European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 90 pp.
Santos M.N., Gaspar M.B., Vasconcelos P., Monteiro C.C. (2002). Weight–length relationships for 50 selected fish species of the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Fisheries Research, 59(1): 289-295.
Torres M.A., Ramos F., Sobrino I. (2012). Length–weight relationships of 76 fish species from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research, 127: 171-175.
