MadeiraFish

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Common name Nome comum Scientific name

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Scientific name: Torpedo marmorata Nome comum: Tremedeira; Tremelga Common name: Marbled electric ray Classification: CHORDATA > ELASMOBRANCHII > Torpediniformes > Torpedinidae Description: Global Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: northern UK (less common in southern North Sea) to South Africa. Also in the Mediterranean Sea.   View Map BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Size: Size at birth 10-14 cm (total length). Maximum length 100.0 cm (TL); common length 60 cm; maximum published weight 3.0 kg. Age: Weight length rel.: Spain, south-west coast (Torres et al. 2012): a=0.0317, b=2.884, r2=1.00 (n=17). FishBase: Bayesian estimated length-weight: a=0.02344 (0.01466 - 0.03748), b=2.95 (2.81 - 3.09). Growth type: Negative allometric (Torres et al. 2012). von Bertallanfy growth parameters: Reproduction: Females outlive males; viviparous, neonates measuring 10-14 cm at birth; 5-32 in a litter. Maturity: range 39 - 49 cm Behavioural ecology: Nocturnal, usually burying itself during the day with only the eyes and spiracle jutting out. Electrocytes start developing when the embryo weighs about 1 g; electric organs functional before birth and newborns can use their electric organ discharge (EOD) in capturing prey. Can produce electric discharges of up to 200 volts; EOD frequency up to 600 Hz. Jumps on fast-moving prey, paralyzing it with its EOD. Population structure & migrations: ECOLOGICAL FEATURES Depth range: FishBase: 2 - 370 m. Habitat: Reef-associated. Occurs in seagrass areas, rocky reefs, and adjacent soft bottoms. Avoids temperatures above 20°C. Feeding habits: Feeds on small benthic fishes (Trachurus, Mugil, Mullus, Dicentrarchus, Spondyliosoma, Boops, Labrus, Dascyllus, Pomacentrus) and crustaceans. Trophic level: FishBase: 4.5 FISHERIES Commercial interest: Low commercial interest. Conservation status: Global: Data deficient. Europe: Least concern. Nutritional information & food safety: REFERENCES Froese, R., Pauly D., editors (2011) .FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, (07/2014). www.fishbase.org/summary/Torpedo-marmorata.html IUCN (2014). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. www.iucnredlist.org Nieto A., Ralph G.M., Comeros-Raynal M.T., Kemp J., García Criado M., Allen D.J., Dulvy N.K., Walls R.H.L., Russell B., Pollard D., García S., Craig M., Collette B.B., Pollom R., Biscoito M., Labbish Chao N., Abella A., Afonso P., Álvarez H., Carpenter K.E., Clò S., Cook R., Costa M.J., Delgado J., Dureuil M., Ellis J.R., Farrell E.D., Fernandes P., Florin A-B., Fordham S., Fowle, S., Gil de Sola L., Gil Herrera J., Goodpaster A., Harvey M., Heessen H., Herler J., Jung A., Karmovskaya E., Keskin C., Knudsen S.W., Kobyliansky S., Kovačić M., Lawson J.M., Lorance P., McCully Phillips S., Munroe T., Nedreaas K., Nielsen J., Papaconstantinou C., Polidoro B., Pollock C.M., Rijnsdorp A.D., Sayer C., Scott J., Serena F., Smith-Vaniz W.F., Soldo A., Stump E., Williams J.T. (2015). Europen Red List of Marine Fishes. IUCN and European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 90 pp. Torres M.A., Ramos F., Sobrino I. (2012). Length–weight relationships of 76 fish species from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research, 127: 171-175.