Description: Head and eyes large; strong spines on post-temporal and preopercle. Pale pink, flanks black to silvery, rose coloured above the lateral line. Edges on the head are bright red.
Global Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Size: Maximum length 42.0 cm (standard length); common length 20.0 cm.
Age: Maximum reported age 11 years.
Weight length rel.: Portugal, south coast (Borges et al. 2003): a=0.01787, b=2.865, r2=0.92 (n=59).
Spain, south-west coast (Torres et al. 2012): a=0.0053, b=3.364, r2=0.99 (n=20).
Growth type: Positive allometric (Torres et al. 2012).
von Bertallanfy growth parameters:
Reproduction:
Maturity: 16.5 m total length.
Behavioural ecology:
Population structure & migrations:
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES
Depth range: FishBase: 100 - 1175 m
Habitat: Benthopelagic. Found over muddy bottoms.
Feeding habits:
Trophic level: FishBase: 3.5
FISHERIES
Commercial interest: Not a commercial species in Madeira.
Conservation status: Global: Not evaluated.
Europe: Least concern.
Nutritional information & food safety: Proximate composition per 100 g:
energy value 112.3 kcal (5.6% DRV)
protein 15.9 g (31.8% DRV)
fat 2.3 g (3.3% DRV)
REFERENCES
Borges T.C., Olim S., Erzini K. (2003). Weight–length relationships for fish species discarded in commercial fisheries of the Algarve (southern Portugal). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(6): 394-396.
Hureau J.-C., ed. (1984-1985). Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO. Accessed through: Marine Species Identification Portal. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://species-identification.org (2014).
IUCN (2014). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. www.iucnredlist.org
Nieto A., Ralph G.M., Comeros-Raynal M.T., Kemp J., GarcÃa Criado M., Allen D.J., Dulvy N.K., Walls R.H.L., Russell B., Pollard D., GarcÃa S., Craig M., Collette B.B., Pollom R., Biscoito M., Labbish Chao N., Abella A., Afonso P., Ãlvarez H., Carpenter K.E., Clò S., Cook R., Costa M.J., Delgado J., Dureuil M., Ellis J.R., Farrell E.D., Fernandes P., Florin A-B., Fordham S., Fowle, S., Gil de Sola L., Gil Herrera J., Goodpaster A., Harvey M., Heessen H., Herler J., Jung A., Karmovskaya E., Keskin C., Knudsen S.W., Kobyliansky S., KovaÄić M., Lawson J.M., Lorance P., McCully Phillips S., Munroe T., Nedreaas K., Nielsen J., Papaconstantinou C., Polidoro B., Pollock C.M., Rijnsdorp A.D., Sayer C., Scott J., Serena F., Smith-Vaniz W.F., Soldo A., Stump E., Williams J.T. (2015). Europen Red List of Marine Fishes. IUCN and European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 90 pp.
Spitz J., Mourocq E. Schoen V., Ridoux V. (2010). Proximate composition and energy content of forage species from the Bay of Biscay: high- or low-quality food? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67(5): 909-915.
Torres M.A., Ramos F., Sobrino I. (2012). Length–weight relationships of 76 fish species from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research, 127: 171-175.
